Hypertension ( Blood pressure) Type,cause and treatment

  • Type of Hypertension, clinical manifestation and treatment:

Blood pressure -BP is the force of blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels.

Systolic blood pressure-Pressure in arteries when heart pump the blood. (120 mm Hg)

Diastolic blood pressure-Pressure experienced in arteries when heart dialate. 

Definition :Hypertension is condition in which the force of blood against arteries wall too high.

Systolic blood pressure-Pressure greater than 140 mm Hg.
Diastolic blood pressure: greater than 90 mmHg.

Types of Hypertension:

1.Normal range: Systolic B.P less than 120mmHg
                             Distolic B.P : less than 80 mmHg
                          
2.Prehypertension:120-139/80-89mmHg

3.Stage 1 Hypertension:140-159 /90-89mmHg

4.Stage 2 Hypertension:more than or equal to 160mmHg/ more than or equal to 100mmHg

Cause of Hypertension:

Primary Hypertension or essential Hypertension :

  • Genetic or family history
  • Life style- Inactivity or sedentary life,stress,Obesity 
  • Tobacco, excessive salt intake especially raw salt,unhealthy dietary habits, alcohol 
  • Age- above  60 years-deposition of fats into wall of arteries causes narrowing of blood  vessels 
  • Metabolic disorder-Diebetics

Secondary Hypertension:

  • Narrowing of blood vessels
  • Renal parenchymal disease causes retention of sodium thereby water retention as a result blood volume increases causing rise in B.P
  • Adrenal gland disease 
  • Constriction of of aorta
  • Preaclampsia - Pregnancy
  • Medication- Oral contraceptive pills,over the counter drug,Cocain or amphetamines 
  • Obstructive- Sleep apnea

Clinical manifestation:

  • Severe headache 
  • Dizziness 
  • Blurred vision
  • Nausea  & vomiting 
  • Fatique and confusion 
  • Epistatis ( nose bleeding)
  • Chest pain and shortness of breathing
  • Irregular hearts beat
  • Patelledema 
  • Ear noise

COMPLICATIONS:

  • Heart attack 
  • Stock 
  • Kidney failure 
  • Retinopathy-damage retina of eye
  • Outpouching of aorta 
  • Left ventricular 
  • Hypertrophy of heart muscles 
  • Temporal hemiplegia 

DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION:

  • Medical history 
  • Physical examination 
  • CBC ( Sodium, potassium level in blood,fasting glucose lipoprotein creatinine,Blood urea nitrogen
  • Urine analysis
  • ECG
  • Ultrasound of heart 
  • Doppler Ultrasound 
  • Examination of retina 

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT:

  1. Diuretic- Furosamide( 40mg to 240mg/ day),  Chlorthalidone( 12.5 to 50 mg / day)    
  2. Beta blockers: Proponalol ( 40 to 240 mg/ day)
  •  Atenolol(25-100 mg/day)
  • Reserpine (0.05 - 0.25 mg/ day.                       
  • Alpha blockers- Prazocine( 2- 30 mg/ day)
                                         Terazocine
  • Alpha- Beta blocker- eg.labital( 230 mg/day),
  • Vasodilator-Hydrazoline(50-300 mg/day)                            Nitroglycerin 
  • Central acting agent: Clodine(2-12 mg/ day) ,Methyldopa( 500-3000mg/day)
  • ACE inhibitors- Captopril( 125-150 mg/ day),Ramipril(125 mg/ day)
  • Angiotensin II receptor blockers: Losartan
  • Renin inhibitors-Tekturna
  • Calcium channel blocker:Nifedifine(30 - 120mg), Nicradifine 60 mg/day)








टिप्पणियाँ

एक टिप्पणी भेजें

इस ब्लॉग से लोकप्रिय पोस्ट

SKIN CARE

चित्र
4 Things You Should Never Do With Combination Skin Combination skin is characterized by the presence of two distinct skin types - oily skin in certain regions and dry skin in other areas of the face. This skin type often involves what's known as the T-zone, encompassing the forehead, chin, and nose, which tends to be oilier compared to the rest of the face. The complexion includes both dry and oily patches, with the cheekbones usually displaying normal to dry tendencies, while the T-zone tends to be more prone to oiliness.Managing combination skin can be quite a task. To navigate this challenge, here are some things you should steer clear of if you possess combination skin. 1.Products With Excessive Fragrance: While certain skin types might be able to endure fragrances, others could experience rashes, irritation, and redness as a result. Products containing strong chemicals such as alcohol or fragrances can lead to discomfort for both dry and oily skin. When combined with a combina...
और पढ़ें

Sign,Symptom & Cause of heart attack!

Sign: Chest pain Heart attacks typically involve pain or discomfort in the chest’s middle or left side. It may feel like a tight, heavy squeezing, fullness, or uncomfortable pressure. Less commonly, it can feel like a sharp pain. Difficulty breathing Usually, this accompanies chest pain. However, shortness of breath may also begin before any chest discomfort. Upper body pain A person may feel pain or discomfort in one or both arms, typically the left one, which can radiate to the shoulders. This pain does not typically feel worse with movement, as with musculoskeletal or arthritis pain. There may also be pain in the neck, jaw, or back. Feeling lightheaded An individual may feel weak, faint, or break out into a cold sweat. Signs of a heart attack in females The following are common heart attack symptoms in females that can occur with or without chest pain: weakness that occurs suddenly extreme shortness of breath nausea, indigestion, or other digestive upsets all over body aches a gener...
और पढ़ें

Calculation of API in pharma manufacturing ll Formula!

  Calculation of Active pharmacetical ingredient: Formula: Batch size x Label claim x factor x 100 x 100 ---------------------------------------------------------------------Assay % of API X (100-LOD)X 1000 X 1000 =....... (Z) If quantity of 1st A. R no. is not sufficent then : Avialable balance of 1st A. R no............ Kg(A) Quantity required to be used from 2nd A. R No. =Z-A=...... kg(B) Calculation for 2nd A. R No. =Bx1st Assay API x 1st(100-LOD%) -------------------------------------------------=........Kg (C)  Assay % of 2nd API x 2nd(100- LOD%) Total quantity of API to be dispensed= A+C=........... Kg.
और पढ़ें